Countries
Since the Abraham Agreement was signed in September 2020, the number of participating states has grown from three (Israel, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain) to five (Morocco and Sudan).
Bahrain
Bahrain, an island nation in the Persian Gulf, is a small but very prosperous country of 1.5 million inhabitants. The country has become wealthy through oil production and is particularly well known for its financial services.
Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament, albeit with limited legislative power compared to the royal family.
Bahrain was one of the first countries to sign the Abraham Accords in September 2020, establishing official relations with Israel.
Israel
Israel, located in the Middle East on the eastern Mediterranean coast, is a country of great historical and religious significance for the three Abrahamic world religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. With a population of around 10 million, Israel has a diverse culture, a dynamic economy and is organized as a parliamentary democracy with a majority system.
Israel is known for its rich history, religious sites, modern technology industry and diverse cultural heritage.
Since its foundation, Israel has been involved in numerous conflicts with its neighboring states and has been seeking state recognition from its neighbors ever since. In addition to its direct neighbors, the Kingdom of Jordan and Egypt, four other Arab states have officially recognized Israel under the Abraham Accords.
Morocco
Morocco, a North African country, is known for its fascinating mix of Arab, Islamic and Berber culture.
Morocco has a very present Jewish history, which plays a major role in the country's self-image, although there is very little Jewish life left in Morocco. Morocco has a rich history, impressive architecture and a diverse landscape.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy. The king has far-reaching powers, but the country also has a parliament and political parties.
Morocco officially established diplomatic relations with Israel in December 2020 and joined the Abraham Accords.
Sudan
Sudan, a country in north-east Africa, has a diverse landscape and culture, characterized by Arab, African and Islamic influences.
Sudan experienced a regime change in 2019, which led to a transitional government. The political system is going through a phase of change after decades of authoritarian rule.
Sudan announced the signing of the Abraham Accords in October 2020 and initiated a normalization of relations with Israel. As a result, diplomatic and economic relations were legalized in 2021.
However, Sudan experienced further regime changes after 2019 and is in a very fragile domestic political situation, which again led to armed conflict at the beginning of 2023. This situation is currently preventing the Abraham Process from developing further with Sudan.
United Arab Emirates
The UAE consists of seven emirates and is known for its modern cities, luxury resorts, desert landscapes and an emerging economic and trade center in the Middle East.
The UAE is a federation of monarchies in which each emirate has its own head of state. There is a joint federal parliament, but the distribution of political power varies from emirate to emirate.
The UAE is best known for Dubai with its skyscrapers, Abu Dhabi with its presidential palace and the sand dunes in the desert.
The UAE was one of the first countries to sign the Abraham Accords in August 2020 to establish official relations with Israel. Since the signing of the Abraham Accords, Israel and the UAE have seen increased economic cooperation. This includes areas such as technology, innovation, healthcare and agriculture.
The agreements have also enabled the opening up of tourism and cultural exchange between the countries. Direct flight connections have been established, which has led to increased travel and cultural exchange.
There is also increased cooperation in the area of security and political dialog, which were included in the agreements.